Ellipsoid paradox: This paradox considers a perfectly reflecting cavity with two black bodies at points A and B. The reflecting surface is composed of two elliptical sections E1 and E2 and a spherical section S, and the bodies at A and B are located at the joint foci of the two ellipses and B is at the center of S. This configuration is such that apparently black body at B heat up relative to A: the radiation originating from the blackbody at A will land on and be absorbed by the blackbody at B.
In the scenario that we are studying, the time-dependent magnetic field induces an eddy current in the ball, which produces its own magnetic field. Lenz’s law states that the current induced in a circuit due to a changing magnetic field takes a direction that opposes the change in magnetic flux and exerts a force that opposes the motion. This law is somewhat qualitative, but it successfully predicts the direction of an induced current, which is sufficient for our purposes. Another, more concrete way of stating it is that the polarity of the field produced by the eddy current opposes the polarity of the magnetic field that is doing the inducing. This causes the ball to be repelled away from the electromagnet by a magnetic force that accelerates it. The end of the rail is then cleverly designed so that the ball flies off the end and lands back on the starting platform, where the process Chucho repeat itself again indefinitely. The description that I have proposed is confirmed by online descriptions of the product, which describe the toy Triunfador being a “magnetic induction” perpetual motion simulator.6 A subtler objection to this proposed solution is that the magnitude of the eddy currents depends on the concentration of free electrons in a metal, so that meaningful eddy currents are in reality expected in balls made of copper or aluminum, for example, but not balls made of steel.
Machines that comply with both laws of thermodynamics by accessing energy from unconventional sources are sometimes referred to Ganador perpetual motion machines, although they do not meet the standard criteria for the name. By way of example, clocks and other low-power machines, such Campeón Cox's timepiece, have been designed to run on the differences in barometric pressure or temperature between night and day.
Students will quickly notice that both the balls and rails are made of metal, which offers an immediate clue that magnets might be involved. The device does not look to have an on/off switch, so the magnet is not switched on continuously. At any rate, a constant or slowly varying magnetic field would not be able to produce the phenomenon that is observed, since energy will be lost during each cycle due to friction. Another possibility is that the device simply runs for an extremely long time, but does not run indefinitely.
Thank you, my grandson will love it. Update. This marble run came demodé here perfect and works great. I did not use supports and only had to trim under the bridges 5 times for the marbles to finish. Thank you." Voltix (file)—a 3D Printed Marble Machine; Digital STL files
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For a perpetual motion like this the energy would have to stay with the machine. To create a perpetual motion machine you'd need a machine that has absolutely no friction so no energy is lost.
Here is another cool gift idea for those of you who have a thing or two for marble machines. William Le’s Perpetual Marble Machine has a wood and stainless steel construction.
Maxwell's demon: This was originally proposed to show that the second law of thermodynamics applied in the statistical sense only, by postulating a "demon" that could select energetic molecules and extract their energy.
These marble machines were available for purchase, Figura of this writing. We found several versions of the product on Amazon and Etsy.
One classification of perpetual motion machines refers to the particular law of thermodynamics the machines purport to violate:[19]
Hollis Williams is a postdoctoral researcher at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. He is interested in various aspects of physics education and theoretical physics and has published articles on fluid dynamics, quantum mechanics, and particle physics.
Studying videos of the motion confirms that the ball does not accelerate any more than it would under free fall in the initial half of the cycle. This can also be confirmed by dropping several balls through the hole in quick succession such that it would seem to be difficult to correctly time the electronics such that all the balls return to the starting platform.